![]() ![]() Collectively, these results form a foundation for future investigations into mechanistic roles played by pathogens in disease. We validate this connection through two orthogonal analyses, revealing increased CMV gene expression in UC patients and enrichment for UC genetic risk signal near human genes that have altered expression upon CMV infection. Overall, our approach identified evidence of association for 15 of the pathogens and 96 distinct diseases, including a currently controversial link between human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and ulcerative colitis (UC). ![]() ![]() We replicate many established relationships, including Helicobacter pylori with several gastroenterological diseases, and connections between Epstein-Barr virus with multiple sclerosis and lupus. We identify 206 pathogen-disease pairs that replicate in both cohorts. To this end, we assess the association between disease status and infection history proxies. We leverage data from The UK Biobank and TriNetX to perform a systematic survey across 20 pathogens and 426 diseases, focused primarily on NCDs. There are many well-established relationships between pathogens and human disease, but far fewer when focusing on non-communicable diseases (NCDs). ![]()
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